The Chechen Wars Essay -- Islam in the North Caucasus 2014

From Western audiences, Chechnyawhether as an autonomous oblast, a sovereign state, or a war zonehas never received much consideration. Just one of dozens of ethnic groups within Russia who have declared since the end of the Soviet Union their right to self-rule and self-determination, the Chechens struggle for independence was drowned out(a) in the cacophony of calls for independence during the 1990s. However, in a world so greatly affected by the events of September 11, 2001 and given the role of Chechen breakaway groups in bombings of Russian apartment buildings in 1999 (which killed more than 300) and the hostage-taking of a Russian theater in 2002 (which resulted in the deaths of 130 Russians and 30 rebels), the rhetoric of Islamic fundamentalism and the linguistic process of terrorism has brought the Chechen people to the forefront of international concern (Trenin & Malashenko, 2004, p. 45). Yet the roots of the conflict in Chechnya, which have spurned two wars with the Russian fusion over the past two decades, are defined neither by terrorist activities or the Islamists who have recently come to typify the most virulent of the independent rebels rather, the origin is in the centuries long forging of a group that has faced common persecution from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation. Ethnicity compounded with a new speech pattern on fundamentalist religious ideology has greatly complicated a struggle that has benefited the economic and political interests of groups as disparate as elected officials, criminal offence bosses, business leaders, and international governments (Politkovskaya, 2003). War has wrought the economic and social collapse of Chechnya and simultaneously embarrassed a Russia giant whose parti... ...thcaucasus.pdf Jaimoukha, A. (2005) The Chechens A Handbook. New York Routledge.Meier, A. (2005). Chechnya To the Heart of a Conflict. New York W. E. Norton & Company.Nikolaev. Y. V., Ed. (2013). The Chechen Tragedy Who is to Blame? Cormack, New York Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (March 19, 2013)Oliker, O. (2001). Russias Chechen Wars 1994-2000. Washington RAND.Politkovskaya, A. (2003). A Small Corner of Hell Dispatches from Chechnya. University of Chicago adjure Tishkov, V. (2004). Chechnya Life in a War Torn society. Berkeley, California The University of California Press.Trenin, D. V. & Malashenko, A. V. (2004). Russias Restless Frontier The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia. Washington Carnegie Endowment for Peace.http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/inside/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2005.tb01379.x/abstract

Good vs. Evil in Kipling’s Rikki-Tikki-Tavi Essay -- Rikki-Tikki-Tavi

Good vs. Evil in Kiplings Rikki-Tikki-TaviKiplings Rikki Tikki Tavi has all the necessary parts of a battle accounting. It is full of battles, war tactics, good, plague, motive, song, and drama. A battle story needs a gripping introduction, one that hints at the battles to come and one that brings the reader in with an exciting anticipation. This story first begins with a poem of the brave Rikki Tikki angrily chasing death with a lust to kill. It right away shows the necessary bravery and strength of the protagonist/hero and the might and evil of the antagonist. The lines deal Eye to eye and head to head This shall end when one is dead start the book with the promise of bang-up fights between two great forces. The first paragraph is also cleverly written to further exaggerate the greatness of the hero and the battles that he has won. This is the story of the great war that Rikki tikki tavi fought single handed, done the bathrooms of the big bungalow in Segowlee cantonment After the introduction the plot begins by bringing the hero Rikki to the setting by a coincidental occurrence. His home plate is flooded and he is washed away and near death when a family finds him and nurses him to health. Again here Kippling shows the bravery of the hero, It is the hardest thing in the world to frighten a mongoose. Rikki Tikki is thankful to the family and like all good heroes he is loyal and decides to protect them. Then enters evil, which creates the conflict for which all battling and killing takes place in battle stories. Rikki is exploring the railway yard one-day and discovers two birds mourning the loss of an egg that was eaten by the evil snakes ruling the jungle. Just then the head snake Nag appears. Rikki already dislikes him as he is good-natured and loyal like all good heroes and Nag ofcourse has eaten his friends egg. This is a very important scene, the introduction of the antagonists. Nag is introduced with a ferocious I am Nag. The great God Brahm put his mark upon all our people, when the first cobra spread his hood to keep the sun off Brahm as he slept. Look, and be afraid And Rikki was afraid, for the minute but it is impossible for a mongoose to stay frightened for any length of time. Then out of no where the first objective action of the story takes place, Behind you Look behind you sang Darzee as Nagaina, Nags equally evil wife attempts ... ...nd goes down with her. This is the climax of the story it is very suspenseful. Using phrases like and very few mongooses, however wise and old they may be care to follow a cobra into its messiness Kippling lines the hole with exaggerations and depictions to increase this already thick suspense. All the animals assume he is dead, similar to countless action movies where there is an explosion and the hero is thought dead, but like in those movies the hero comes out to the amazement and joy of all and there again is much celebrating. And so the book ends on the happy note of Darzees g lorious battle song of Rikkis tale. The story followed exactly the guidelines of a battle story its plot, descriptions, characters, motives, and action are all proof of this. While rendition I noticed that the story, if edited slightly could be confused as a story of humans fighting in the jungle. The names mongoose, snake, and bird get like the code names we give our pilots and fighters. Also Rikki has special training and tactics in killing snakes as if he were a trained soldier. In conclusion, Kipplings Rikki Tikki Tavi can possibly best be described as a classic war tale of good vs. evil.

When Will It End? :: essays research papers

You may heard of me in ancient history. I am Genghis Khan and I,would like to serving a story that was not recorded in history.In 1199 near the middle of winter,on the northern borders of china. My two best men and I were left standing,after being at war with the mongolians for several weeks,filled with hunger and dressed with wounds decided to retreat to home to heal and gather more men. I yelled lets go,We lofted on our horses,and right at that moment,a loft of arrows desended,up on all three of us killing my two men,and leaving me wounded in the arm, i broke the shaft of the arrow,and pulled it out,flung it on the undercoat and dug my spurs into my horses flesh,and like a bolt of lighting we shot through the woods.I knew my horse was weak, not having much to eat,but some bark off the trees,because of the heavy snow, my prayers were to the effect,that i would be home soon. I could hear hoof beats off in the distance,they sounded like they were getting walk-to(prenominal), all i had on my mind was raunchyness.Once dark my chances of escape are far better,I was still bleeding and felt like my horse was about to give up,as we arrived at the top of the mountain,looking down the other human face and down at the bottom was a long winding river,i knew this was my escape,my horse collapsed to its side,gave his last breath.At that moment i heard a branch break,looking over my shoulder,gettig closer was that small army,of mongolians,run,run,run was going through my mind,i was weak and could not move very fast.i could here the words of the savages,bragging about how much my head was worth,then i slipped on the difficult snow hit my head

Essay --

Liam ConnellyFinal ProjectGolden Age of GreeceThermopylae and the 5,200 an Analysis of Creative License in Film in that location is perhaps no last stand than the famous 300 Spartans at Thermopylae who held the massive Persian army for three days in a narrow mountain pass, nearly two and a half millennia ago. When the movie 300 premiered, I was beginning to appreciate military history and I set in motion the story of these holdlessly outnumbered classical patriots absolutely riveting. I had known that more than a little creative license was taken after seeing around of the more fantastic scenes but some of the important historical nuances were lost in the depiction. My objective today is not to pedantically nitpick every anachronism and erroneous fact, but simply to discover why the filmmakers augmented the history with them. My primary source for comparison is Herodotus Book VII of The Histories, in which he describes the context and facts known to him about the battle itself. The origin of the 5,200 from which this project takes its name is the fact that Herodotus counts not only 300 Spartans but at least a plentiful 4,900 other troops from other Greek regions who fought against overwhelming odds to hold the Persians at bay (Herodotus, 511). While the Spartans may have earned the lions share of the glory for their self-sacrifice, the 4,900 or so other soldiers deserve a place in this epic tale of courage and discipline. The primary formation of Greek infantry is the hoplite phalanx. Each hoplites hoplon, or shield, protected the man to his left and long spears gave the ranks behind the first allowed them to bring to bear a wall of dye spears in front of them. The phalanx is a strong formation but it is vulnerable to flanking maneuvers, ... ...eks doesnt need any tweaking or embelishments its already fantastic on its own. Indeed, nearly every genre of film audiences love today can be found in the stories of Greek dramatists, myth, tradition, and hist ory, from romance to comedy and war. in that locations a rich cultural well waiting to be drawn upon by other filmmakers to tell the story of Greece in her finest hours. I hope more directors discover that. Until then, Ill remember the 300 as they were, not what Id like them to have been.Works CitedHerodotus. The Histories. Trans. Aubrey De Selincourt. Ed. Betty Radice. Middlesex Penguin, 1954. Print.Miller, Frank. Interview by Steve Daly and merriment Weekly. 13 Mar. 2007.Snyder, Zack, dir. 300. Prod. Gianni Nunnari, Bernie Goldman, Mark Canton, and Jeffrey Silver. 2007. Warner Bros, 2007. DVD.

Opium and Dreams in the Romantic Period Essay -- essays research paper

During what is broadly defined as the Romantic period, many poets, scientists and philosophers were greatly intrigued by dreamings. Southey kept a dream journal, as did Sir Hymphry Davy, a close friend of Coleridges Thomas Beddoes wrote of dreams from a medical perspective in Hygeia and dreams were often a hot topic of chat at the dinner parties of those who kept company with poets and the like (Ford 19985). There were many contradictory theories on the importance, interpretation and origin of dreams, at this time. Some believed that dreams were a figure out of divine inspiration, others that they were caused by spirits that temporarily possessed the body of the sleeper, while there were those who thought that dreams were a manifestation of the bodys physical condition. De Quincey and Coleridge were dickens writers who both held an exceptional interest in dreams, each with their own ideas on the subject. In this essay I propose to examine De Quinceys and Coleridges ideas on drea m and daydream, and to show that opium was a profoundly influencing factor in their lives, works and dreams. I sh exclusively start by briefly outlining some of De Quinceys and then Coleridges ideas on dreams I shall then move on to ask what was the proceeds of opium on their creativity, dreams and imagination, before looking at how dream and daydream are deluxe in their ideas. Finally I wish to include a brief section on the anticipation of Freud, and to close with the question of how important opium was to the writing of my elect authors. Since dreams and opium are so intertwined in both Coleridge and De Quincey I feel it is appropriate to consider the two subjects alongside each other.In Thomas De Quinceys Confessions of an position Opium-Eater, dreams and opium are considered simultaneously because he records the largest effect of his opium-eating to have been on his dreams. He first became aware of the effects by a re-awakening of a faculty generally found in childhoodI know not whether my reader is aware that many children, perhaps most, have a power of painting, as it were, upon the darkness, all sorts of phantoms in some, that power is simply a mechanic affection of the eye others have a voluntary, or a semi-voluntary power to dismiss or adduce themIn the middle of 1817, I think it was, that this faculty became positively distressing to... ...a fashion that had started long before and there has only ever been written the virtuoso Kubla Khan.De Quincey wrote that men are disguised in sobriety, so opium and dreams serve to expose the true mind of man and perhaps the unconscious mind. Whatever the effect of opium on Coleridge and De Quincey on their philosophies, on their dreams and on their lives one cannot truly know the depth or extent of it, but to take opium and go through the come across personally. It is certainly undeniable that it was an influence and an extremely important one that continues beyond the present furthering the exposure of ma ns psychology through the portal of dreams.BibliographyColeridge, S. T., Poems, Everymans Library, London, 1999.Coleridge, S. T., Biographia Literaria, William Pickering, London, 1847.De Quincey, T., Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and different Writings, Oxford Worlds Classics, Oxford, 1996.Ford, J., Coleridge on Dreaming, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.Hayter, A., Opium and the Romantic Imagination, Faber and Faber, London, 1968.Marcus, T., Opium in Literature and London, Issue 3. Zembla Magazine, London, 2004.

Opium and Dreams in the Romantic Period Essay -- essays research paper

During what is generally defined as the Romantic period, many poets, scientists and philosophers were greatly intrigued by dreamings. Southey kept a dream journal, as did Sir Hymphry Davy, a close friend of Coleridges Thomas Beddoes wrote of dreams from a medical perspective in Hygeia and dreams were often a hot topic of conversation at the dinner parties of those who kept company with poets and the like (Ford 19985). There were many contradictory theories on the importance, interpretation and origin of dreams, at this time. Some believed that dreams were a form of augur inspiration, others that they were caused by spirits that temporarily possessed the body of the sleeper, while there were those who thought that dreams were a manifestation of the bodys physical condition. De Quincey and Coleridge were two writers who twain held an exceptional interest in dreams, each with their own ideas on the subject. In this essay I propose to examine De Quinceys and Coleridges ideas on dream and daydream, and to show that opium was a pro set uply influencing factor in their lives, works and dreams. I shall start by briefly outlining some of De Quinceys and then Coleridges ideas on dreams I shall then move on to ask what was the effect of opium on their creativity, dreams and imagination, before looking at how dream and daydream argon distinguished in their ideas. Finally I wish to include a brief section on the anticipation of Freud, and to close with the question of how important opium was to the writing of my chosen authors. Since dreams and opium are so intertwined in both Coleridge and De Quincey I feel it is appropriate to consider the two subjects alongside each other.In Thomas De Quinceys Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, dreams and opium are considered simultaneously because he records the largest effect of his opium-eating to have been on his dreams. He first became aware of the effects by a re-awakening of a faculty generally found in childhoodI know not whether my reader is aware that many children, perhaps most, have a power of painting, as it were, upon the darkness, all sorts of phantoms in some, that power is simply a mechanic affection of the eye others have a voluntary, or a semi-voluntary power to dismiss or summon themIn the middle of 1817, I think it was, that this faculty became positively distressing to... ...a fashion that had started long before and there has only ever been written the one Kubla Khan.De Quincey wrote that workforce are disguised in sobriety, so opium and dreams serve to expose the true mind of man and perhaps the unconscious mind. Whatever the effect of opium on Coleridge and De Quincey on their philosophies, on their dreams and on their lives one cannot truly know the depth or extent of it, but to take opium and go through the experience personally. It is sure enough undeniable that it was an influence and an extremely important one that continues beyond the present furthering the exposure of mans psychology through the portal of dreams.BibliographyColeridge, S. T., Poems, Everymans Library, London, 1999.Coleridge, S. T., Biographia Literaria, William Pickering, London, 1847.De Quincey, T., Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and Other Writings, Oxford pieces Classics, Oxford, 1996.Ford, J., Coleridge on Dreaming, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.Hayter, A., Opium and the Romantic Imagination, Faber and Faber, London, 1968.Marcus, T., Opium in Literature and London, Issue 3. Zembla Magazine, London, 2004.

International Trade and Globalization Essay

harmonise to Hill, globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy (2009). Globalization has several facets, including the globalization of markets and the globalization of production. Globalization of markets is to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Globalization of production is to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to entertain advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (such as labor, energy, land, and capital) (Hill, 2009).There argon several traditional international workmanship theories that would support the creation of globalization. The first theory is free trade that refers to a situation in which a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens discharge buy from another country or what they can win and sell to another country. Another theory is merca ntilism, which is an economic philosophy advocating that countries should simultaneously encourage exportings and caution imports. The final theory is the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin.Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin show why it is beneficial for a country to engage in international trade even for products it can produce for itself. According to Adam Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these good for the goods produced by other countries (2009). Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scare (2009).Finally, Ricardos theory suggest that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries (2009). There are two major factors that drive globalization. The first driver is the decline in barriers that allow the free flow of goods, services, and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II (2009).For example with the decline in barriers, countries can export merchandise freely without any disruptions in hipments. During the 1920s, many of the worlds nation-states erected formidable barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment (2009). Many of the barriers to international trade took the form of high tariffs on imports of manufactured goods (2009). The second driver of globalization is engineering science diverge (2009). For example, the constant change in technology allows companies the ability to produce more, which in turn allows other countries to participate the building of developments.Another example is throughout time, the get on with in technology permits communication to be more advanced by allowing people to access the Internet and the World Wide Web. Th e final example of technology change is the change in transportation. The change in technology such as commercial aircrafts and freighters that are tractor trucks and cargo ships that allows shipments to be packed in containers and shipped crosswise the world. The effects of globalization have impact to the military machine, especially during a time of war. Armed Forces Network (AFN) is the main source of television communications throughout Europe.AFN supplies profits to the military in Afghanistan and Iraq so the troops can unwind and watch television. AFN provides cross-border flow of television services. Another effect of globalization that impacts the military while organism deployed is food services. Food that the local nationals transport to different military posts in Afghanistan is shipped in from other countries and cross through Iran. The third effect on the military of globalization on the military is the acts of violence against the military overseas.A poor country su ch as Afghanistan, rely on their local grown produce but instead is being taken over by products foreign product verses using the locals products. The final effect of globalization that impacts the community is the problem of outsourcing jobs. Americans have a high unemployment rate due to the lack of jobs in the market. The military is over strength because of citizens not able to find work. In the deployment zone, many civilians are risking their own lives to work as a contractor for the government because they cannot find work.

Net Widening: Big Brother Is Watching You

Privacy is a right that many Americans take for granted. Americans, for the most part, get hold that they watch privacy. But do they re whollyy? In order for one and only(a) to achieve individuality and autonomy one must have privacy, which is the key factor. For the speedy advances in applied science, however, one exchanges their privacy. Should one happen to use a com pointer to use the Internet, for example, their level of privacy is decreased substantially as you open the verge to social control. As Orwell says in 1984, Big Brother is watching you. Ever since the creation of the Internet, more specifically the World Wide Web, the government has utilized Orwellian tactics of surveillance. Many parts of the Internet are still kind of care the raw frontier and the Government wants to stake its claim (TechnoCulture). For instance, in declination of 1995, news was released concerning the Governments intention to fund another ten thousand closed circuit surveillance systems. E ven though civil libertarians were advised this action had no sinister motive, responses from most were leery to say the least (Big Brother).This technology is genuinely similar to that which Steven Mann, MIT computer specialist, uses. His wearable wireless webcam provides anyone logged onto his Internet home address live views of his daily routine. The Internet is sprouting eyes. And ears. And vending machines, hot tubs, coffeepots, robot gardeners, and model railroads. The armada of devices plugged into the Internet, in fact, is transforming the network into a bizarre place that falls somewhere between George Orwells 1984 and Candid Camera run amok (TechnoCulture).Intel currently uses the same technology for the cameras they sell for consumers to put on top of their monitors in order to be seen by others. This technology is inside your very computer monitor (Eyes On The make). How do you know its not being utilized to oversee you? Is Big Brother watching you? A year ago, there were only a some devices connected to the Internet that any person could freely use. But the number of devices is exploding. Uses for these things are as diverse as a persons imagination.As devices have proliferated, imaginative applications of telepresence technology have attracted a huge following among rank-and-file Internet users. The implications of such devices have devastating potential (Eyes On The Net). Another bit of a shocker is that Web pages can actually keep track of the Internet addresses of visitors. This intrinsically is a complete invasion of privacy. Just recall someone else knows about every Web page you go to. So what? Whats the big deal? The big deal is that this ravishment of privacy strips one of their individuality and autonomy.This form of social control can kill individuality. According to JM Balkin, Each of us has both a frequent and private self the public self we reveal to the world, and the private self we retain control over by withholding it from others. Our ability to provide or withhold aspects of our private selves hold and constitutes our autonomy. The exchanges of private information, signal intimacy and trust, and their disclosure to third parties is usually thought of as a sign of betrayal (Understanding).Even if one is unaware of the infringement against them it will still harm their individuality because what you withhold from others is a part of what makes up your individuality. Once others know what you dont want them to, your individuality is unfastened and destroyed (Understanding). These violations are already presented in several businesses and educational institutions throughout America (WARNING). These violations produce what Edward Bloustein describes as a being that is not an individual. A man compelled to live every minute of his life among others and whose every need, thought, fancy, or gratification is subject to public scrutiny merges with the mass and is deprived of individuality and humane dignit y. (Privacy as an). When a collective conscience, in this instance the government, penetrates deeply into everyday affairs, what seems to be trivial can soon escalate into devastation. Privacy violations are no different from Nazi totalitarianism. In totalitarian governments, like Nazi Germany, the collective conscience can penetrate all relations between individuals. practically(prenominal) totalitarian governments have killed approximately 115 million bulk. Once America is filled with non-autonomous drones and a totalitarian stage is set, government genocide, massacres, and other mass killings could potential take place as well. No matter how extreme the possibilities, they must be looked at. Another example of social control is utilized widely on the Internet by the Government exactly is not as Orwellian as the previous examples. Internet censorship is a form of privacy invasion. The very essence of the Internet is absolute freedom. Its a cyber-anarchy in which there is peace .However, buried within the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is a clause restricting indecent stuff from being transmitted across the Internet. Note that this is indecent material, not obscene material. There is, in the legal sense, a difference. Obscenity, which is not protected by the frontmost Amendment, must meet this three-pronged test An average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find the material appeals to prurient interest. The material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by law.And, the material, taken as a whole, must lack serious literary, artistic, governmental or scientific value. That is the laws definition of obscenity, and it is not protected by the First Amendment. It is illegal in all mediums Internet included. What we are sheding about is indecency, which is a whole new ball game. These laws will criminalize material available to a person under 18 years of age that depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs. This is basically fancy talk for indecent material (Censoring Internet is wrong).That is much broader than the three-pronged definition. It hypothetically includes anything from objectionable music lyrics to movie sound clips to drug store pornography. This is stuff that is all legal, although some of it to people 18 and older. Yet the bill labels it to be illegal to ALL when on the Internet. Whether in electronic form or in a magazine, the material is unchanged. Yet its restrictions change dramatically. While its intentions may be pure the government cannot be allowed to establish the precedent of censoring legal material in any medium at all (Censoring Internet is wrong). Once this happens, we are one step closer to George Orwells 1984, where not only computers, but thought as well, are regulated by the Powers That Be (Censoring Internet is wrong). Now one must a lso look to the face-to-face end of the spectrum in all fairness. The technological advances may be worth the sacrifice, if there even is one. As a practical matter, scientists and engineers see real advantages to telepresence. NASA routinely guides spacecraft millions of miles away, but the Internet offers rudimentary telepresence for the masses.Astronomers at the University of Georgia and three other southeastern universities now operate a 30-inch robot telescope on a mountain in Arizona without ever leaving their offices. Internet users can entrance fee government data buoys in the middle of the ocean to secure local wind and wave conditions. Californians can now track stream-flow in remote rivers from instruments connected to the Internet. Anyone on the World Wide Web can access a battery of weathercams enabling him or her to actually see the weather. Given the groundswell of interest, the day may not be so far off when people water their own plants from afar.whitethornbe the yll even figure out a way to feed the cat and walk the dog via the Internet (TechnoCulture). Does this technology have to be bad? Steven Mann stated Sometimes women ask me to give them a safe escort back to the dorm. If we really want safer streets, maybe we should distribute cameras like mine to everyone. In addition to having a little fun, wearable videocams could become personal safety devices (TechnoCulture). In fact, this same surveillance technology has succeeded in pin down under-age drinkers and drug users on tape.Police have also used the technology to target local criminals. The video evidence has proven incontrovertible thus leading(a) to swift punishment and safer communities. Just like anything of great responsibility, in the right hands this new technological era can bring forth much good, however, in the wrong hands can bring forth much peril. These advances bring societies closer to Orwellian ones but they also better the societies. If the abuse of this technology does indeed exist, all there is now is the speculation of such an activity.Hopefully it will stay that way. Is Big Brother Watching You? Works Cited Balkin, JM Understanding healthy Understanding The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence (1993) 103 Yale Law Journal 105-176. 1997. Big Brother is watching you. Nd. n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW http//malone. math. soton. ac/postgraduate/students/ Polton/December_1995. html Edward J. Bloustein. Privacy as an aspect of human dignity An Answer to Dean Prosser. Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy An Anthology, ed. Ferdinand Schoeman. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1984) 177. Eyes On the Net. Home Page. Nd. n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW http//www. mitchell. net/article. htm Orwell, George. 1984 New York, Signet. 1949 TechnoCulture Archive Home Page. Nd. n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW http//www. mitchell. net/ant/article. htm WARNING Big Brother is watching you Home Page. Nd. n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWWhttp//www. diku. dk/students/ballerp/big-brother. html

Comparison Between Dulce Et Decorum Est & the Man He Killed

The war poetry I am going to compare was written by Wilfred Owen and Thomas Hardy. Wilfred Owen was born in Wales in 1893. He wrote poetry as a teenager and at the age of 20 he began teaching English in France as an assistance teacher. 2 years later he coupled the Manchester regiment and fought in World War 1 and 3 years later in 1918 he died darling the Belgian border whilst taking his men across the Sambre poopal at Ors. Therefore we know his writing shows his personal experiences. rdy was born in 1840 in the southbound of England. He began writing in 1867. He was more famous for his novels but also wrote about the Boer war.In Dulce Et Decorum Est Wilfred Owen makes war seem horrific. When describing the soldiers, he says cough akin old hags. From this we can see that he is implying that the young soldiers have become old and ill. Furthermore when describing the soldiers caught out without a petrol mask during a gas attack, he says the white eyes writhing in his face . He des cribes the soldiers death in graphic detail as he writes that he can hear the blood, come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud . From these two quotes we can see that the wounded are going to suffer and die.The diction he has phthisisd is extremely disturbing. These injuries even caused nightmares as he says, In each my dreams, before my helpless sight, he plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. Within his numbers, Owen uses many poetic devices and techniques. He makes use of completelyiteration, assonance, imagery, metaphors, similes, iambic pentameters, enjambment, meter, onomatopoeia, personification, 1st person, repetition, rhyme and stanzas. He makes use of alliteration when he says, Knock-Kneed which suggests that the soldiers are crippled from their exertions.Also he uses it when saying settle the white eyes writhing. In this line he is trying to describe the soldiers eyes as though they are attempting to exit their socket s. Also he practises the use of assonance. He unifies the first three lines with the words sacks, hags and backs. These words imitate the coughing sound made by the soldiers. Furthermore when his Imagery uses the sense of touch when he says an ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time. He uses sight when he says, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. He uses taste when he says, Bitter as the cud. Finally he uses hearing when he says, If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood, come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs. Furthermore, metaphors also play a zippy role in his verse form. For example Men marched asleep, Drunk with fatigue. This suggests that all their senses are dulled and because of their tiredness, they are as good as dead. incurable sores on innocent tongues. This phrase informs us that the soldiers were innocent and were being punished for no reason. Similarly, his uses of similes are evident in every stanza.He describes soldiers res embling old beggars and Coughing similar hags. However the more graphic similes are used in stanzas 2 3 where the soldier in caught in a gas attack. Floundering standardised a man in fire or lime suggesting the burning effects of the gas. As under a green sea, I saw him drowning portrays how exquisite the gas attack was that in encompassed the soldiers completely and how in that respect was no escape. In the third stanza he describes the aftermath of the gas attack when he says, His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin. This brings to mind very illustrative pictures of hell and the state of its inhabitants who will be tortured for all eternity. Iambic pentameters are used on all the lines except those that he wishes to emphasise. Enjambments are used as the lines flow into each other making it more pragmatic. He has used onomatopoeia to make a more vivid description of the vile sounds that could be heard during war. For example, Guttering, choking and gargling. Also he say s, Gas, gas which imitates the hissing sound that could be heard from a gas canister.Within this poem there is only one instance in this poem wherein he uses personification and that is when he describes the remains of the bomb shells, disappointed shells. This poem is told in the first person for example, I saw him drowning. In all my dreams. This shows us that he is speaking from personal experience. With regards to repetition he repeats the word drowning to present the gravity of the attack. Furthermore he repeats the word gas to demonstrate the instant rush and panic that the gas attack caused among the soldiers.In this poem Owen use the rhyming chassis of abab cdcd in stanza 1. In stanza 2 he uses efef gh and in the final stanza he uses gh ijij klkl mnmn. In the first stanza he describes the atmosphere prior to the gas attack. In the mho he takes us moment by Moment through the gas attack and in the final stanza he illustrates the repercussion of the gas attack. He conclu des the poem by saying The old Lie Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori showing that he feels that his experiences are far from beautiful or even honourable. The man he killed was written at the time of the Boer war.This poem has some controversy with the setting in which it was written because it does not specifically confer to the Boer war but it could refer to any war. The poem was a conversation between the killer and the killed. He remarks about how much he and the victim had so much in cat valium and how petty of a reason they had to kill each other. This poem is a very interesting piece of work. As easy as it is to read, it is in fact deeply burdened with irony and surprisingly colloquialism. Starting with the title, he has made use of 3rd person when he says man HE killed. This is fascinating because, the holy poem is written in 1st person. The He man is the individual who is trying to rationalise his slaying of another soldier. In this poem, the soldier who is talking d efines all the parallels between him and his prey. He romantically reminisces how he could have been enjoying liberties of life with the man whom he killed and he uses analogies of wetting, nipperkin to show the frankness in tone and meanings. In the second stanza, the narrator intensely describes how I shot at him as he at me and killed him in his place. Also he says where him and his foe met, Ranged as infantry. He is reasoning that he had no choice in what happened. In the 3rd stanza, he confesses as to why he killed him. However on two make in the stanza, he begins to hesitate. The first is when he repeats the word, because- Because he was my foe. This hesitation also represents doubt. The second is where he mentions my foe twice. This is significant because first there was the hesitation, and then there is him having to clarify his killing twice. This creates an atmosphere of even more tense and uspicion. To top it up, he makes it look as though what he did was downright typi cal by saying, Thats clear enough. The of course and Thats clear enough are palpably sarcastic. This is because nobody is enemies for no reason, despite him saying at the beginning We should have set us down to wet(have a drink). In stanza 4, the narrator explains the reason as to why his foe was in the army. Again he draws comparisons between himself and his foe. He does this when he says, Off-hand likejust as I. He implies that he and foe both never joined the army for patriotic reasons but they joined it because they both were out of work. No other reason why. In the final stanza, the poet tries to sum up his philosophy for killing the other man who was just like him. He confesses and says that wars are strange-quaint and curious. The last line obliquely impregnates the real purpose of killing that man quaint and curious war is showing how war breaks all the rules of civilised behaviour as in civilian life he would have probably give the man help, buy him a drink or even giv e him a hand out. Help half a crown

The AXE Man

Advertise workforcet, itself, is a creative genre in these post-modern days of ideas. If people in the future were to search for arti incidents of our nuance, in hopes of finding something that affords them insight into our furyure and our life, they pass on be able to count on what we leave behind in this consumer-driven world. Our ancestors left behind arrow heads and pottery, and we will leave behind a hole more than that can easily snuff it about who we ar and what is important to us. Commercials and the products they consultise atomic number 18 some of the most important cultural artifacts in our society.They communicate what is important to or influences our culture, the good and the bad, because within any culture it is natural for the many different aspects of that culture to be portrayed on the screen or the page, from our stereotypes and biases, to what makes us proud and what makes us ashamed. One commercial that seems to represent an artifact of American cult ure is the recent axe commercial, where a young man on a beach begins to spray ax cologne, attracting literally hundreds of buxom beauties in bikinis, with the slogan being Spray more, Get more.The implications here about the personal manner our culture stereotypes gender and what types of images we find to be suitable becomes part of the artifact and what it stands for in our culture. The first part of the advert shows a woman running in a wilderness. The first question that comes to mind is if this is a spoof of the new Mel Gibson movie Apocalypto? The theme of utter movie is the hunter-hunted type of thriller where the protagonist is always on the run (from an AXE man perhaps? ). This is further implied by the choice of music Deus Irae by Karl Jenkins which appears on his album Requiem.But and so the boob tube shows something else. There are many more than women running and in that respectfore this is something else. The women are all foc utilise with the task of reachi ng the goal first. They are single-minded indeed, to the crown of being obsessed with whatever it is that made them run in the first place. All are jockeying for po vexion and intense shoving and pushing is seen in the first a couple of(prenominal) seconds. The second thing that hits the viewer is the fact that the women are non properly clad.If they are indeed going for a late afternoon jog then where is the sports wear inquireed to do the job? It is non usually normal to run with skimpy clothing Then the next thing that hits the viewer is the fact that these are not only a group of young women running but it is actually a swarm. The multitude running together indicates mass hysteria. At this point the audience is becoming interested to know what this anarchy is all about are they hunting for something? Again similarities can be drawn with Apocalypto.The next scene makes the image a bit conf victimisation as a shot is confinen from the other side of the terrain a shot of t he ocean where a similar number of horde of women are swimming frantically towards the shore. For a minute there whiz thinks that this may be something about the Iron char competition. But then it becomes clear as the video gives a top shot that shows where all the women are heading. The swarm is converging on the shore where a solitary male figure was spraying AXE cologne, specifically AXE Lynx. And the text flashed in the end saying, Spray more. Get more. If the AXE commercials are to be marked as anything of immediate interest, the popular tags that come to mind immediately are pornographic advert or advert with sexual overtones. Such footing are quite befitting as we find the women who are running from different topographical extremes have svelte, well-maintained physiques with sexual appeal, and the man on the beach stands fortify with AXE cologne to attract more such women by spraying more of the heart-smashing fragrance. Commercials stand as an important artifact that c an be used to understand a culture, and this commercial in particular says a lot about certain gender-related issues.Commercials such as this are not only for merriment value, they are subconsciously sending messages to a population of people that view what they see on television as truth and fact. Someday, people will submit such commercials in search of something historically or culturally important to our generation and will quickly realize that for all of our advances in our way of intellection and our technology, we were still submitting ourselves to the humiliation of gender-related stereotypes and sexually explicit material.If sexual excesses are not used deliberately, then why has such a slogan been floated in the radiate Spray more, Get more? Is it not somewhat pornographic, tickling the fancy of men with the promise of winning an armful of femme fatales at one sprinkle of AXE? why again a horde of belles are needed with immense sexual charms if no sexual implications a re intended? When a condom, a bra or lingerie is advertised, the same types of images are blatantly paraded across the television screen, the sexual overtones not plain subtle anymore.Even in odd places do we see such use of sexuality to sell a product, like the commercials that are for car insurance but are car to a faultns, utilize the cartoon character of a cute, busty girl to try and sell insurance for someones automobile. Even Pizza Hut commercials use Jessica Simpsons sexuality to sell pizza, and Pepsi has been disreputable for using stars such as Madonna to sell their product. The fact is that sex sells. Thus, if categorically the artifact is to be judged, then it is a piece of advertising in the first place and then it is pornographic i. e. an advert with sexual overtones.In my view, whatever nomenclature may be piled on the term advertisement, it is a creative way of presenting an object or a commodity. So I would like to call it innovative advertisement. If we move a s tep further we will be able to see that innovative and sexually-exploitive adverts apply to all sorts of business tricks to catch the consumer youth. There is yet some other genre that this advert falls into, and that is humorous. scorn its sexual overtones, the commercial is filmed in such a way that, at first glance, it appears to be harmless, comedic tone and all.The public seems to be very kind of any images or messages that are not politically correct when there is humor involved, as in this case. There is no complaining from the public even if a salacious picture or video clipping is used in order to make a commodity attractive to the target audience. It may appear denigrating in the eye of a few thoughtful, conservative people, but to hit the bulls eye of consumerism, it is a weapon, a necessity, the need of the hour.In fact, this advert was shown only once on British television prior to a World Cup football game where it has reached near cult status. I never considered my self to be a conservative person, not even a little bit. I really thought the AXE commercial to be a great one with a sense of humor, but after I observed it many times closely, there were several things really bothering me. charm it is common knowledge that marketers are using sex to sell their products, the issue that arises with this commercial is that it tried to hide the sexual content behind the product itself.The text did not imply anything sexual and therefore no one can accuse AXE of intentionally telling men of the benefits of using their cologne in monetary value of their becoming attractive sexually, but the imagery is enough to convince the viewer that it is selling the product through sex. In other words, AXE is using the fantasies of young men to bring them in as consumers of their product by promising them, visually, that there is something about their product that attracts women.If there is a law set sexual themes in advertising then it seems that the AXE advert is trying to beat the system. Those who do not agree with the blatant use of sex in advertising, be it implied or explicit, mustiness heed the words of Tom Reichert when he wrote, other forms of sexual information is woven into ads sexual content can start in form and meaning, it is important to provide an overview of recurring representations of sex in advertising (Reichert, 2003). The bone of contention here is how to draw the line between what is satisfactory and what is not. J. Sivulka had warned that when scholars have explained the changing nature of sex in advertising, they have often viewed this shift as an evolution from a relatively innocent representation of a sexually alluring woman to a new type of image, in which sex is explicit (Sivulka, 2003). The world it seems is divided over what kind of judgment to give this sort of TV commercial, but for those who are looking for substance there is only one verdict. For those who are tired of being given information that is n ot based on truth but rather on assumptions and pop culture, the verdict is not positive.In the AXE commercial the first thing that does not escape the viewer is the stereotyping of the female. Geral Tellis observed that, One of the most common criticisms of advertising is the gender stereotyping endorsers are typically presented as young, beautiful, and sexually attractive (Tellis, 2004). As a female watching this commercial I felt it not only was the dreaded stereotyping being used but also the fact that women were depicted as not having the intellect to comprehend what was going on and furthermore, that women were not valued for their intellect at all, but for their appearance.The women were portrayed like buffoons, parading themselves with no regard for their self-worth, with no obvious intelligence (in direct contrast with the Iron Woman comparison). Instead of showing a commercial where the images show an intelligent, well-mannered male using AXE cologne and attracting an int ellectual and strong woman, we are bombarded with yet more images of the stereotypical buxom bimbo and in my opinion, that is an insult to the feminists out there who are championing womans equal effectives, access to power and control.The AXE commercial made them look like they have no ability whatsoever to control their destiny, much unsocial their lives and they are arrant(a)ly driven by instincts. Lorraine Code asserts that this kind of reaction is not new and she wrote that in fact, In the 1970s feminists criticized advertisements for portraying stereotypical images of women (Code, 2000). will about the feminist stereotype, what is disturbing about the way women were depicted in the AXE ad is the fact that there is no truth to what was being communicated.Granting that commercials are not supposed to be whole truths, still the fact that something can be created wholly out of imagination is a bit of a stretch. Adding another aspect of then forcing people to accept it or maybe worse, manipulating people to deal in a certain way are actions not unobjectionable for a highly influential medium. A casual survey of the real world will immediately inform the observer that women do not behave like those in the said commercial.If the producer of the AXE commercial would come back and say that this is the whole point that making fantastic claims and using pure creative imagination to sell something is the reality of advertising, then it is going to be hard to argue that line of reasoning. Even if this were the case, not everybody will agree with the producer. many an(prenominal) believe that advertising is no longer a neutral medium but that it is an artifact that has the capacity to transform society, especially how people think, and therefore it is a medium to be regulated.If one allows the producer of the AXE commercial the benefit of the doubt, that there was no intention to demean women and to insult their intelligence, then the problem keeps on compoundi ng because the next group that would be insulted by this commercial is the male population, because while it is common to hear women being exploited, more and more men are being devalued by the media as well. There is a movement out there that forces the world to recognize the place of women in society.It is almost a normal experience to constantly hear of women being abused and misrepresented, but it may be make fulln for granted that men can also be stereotyped. That there is a whole assumption out there that men are savages and no smarter than wild beasts who are being controlled by their carnal instincts would be insulting to me if I was male, and I cannot believe that the media can stereotype both genders in such simple terms. To be honest, however, no man would stand up and say that his reputation is on the line because of such media exploitation.For them, it is somewhat absurd, but if truth can be told and truth be the standard of knowing what must be done in this society th en someone has to point out the problem with the AXE commercial. What exactly is wrong about it in terms of the male image is that this time men are not depicted as buffoons in the same way that the ladies were depicted running around half-naked and deranged when a potent brew aroused their senses and they could not control themselves. This time men were assumed to be buffoons, period.This assumption is basically a belief that when men will see the commercial then they will not stop to think and evaluate what is being projected on screen. They will simply instinctively pick up their wallets, head for the store and buy a crate full of AXE cologne and spray more. It is interesting to note that marketers are well aware of what they are doing to the male stereotype and the projection of an image that will make men want to buy the cologne. As suggested by Stephen obnubilate in his study of the history of American advertising, marketers in the past made the full generalization that, a ll men are fools (Fox, 1997).They have expanded this theory into something more useful, that while men may be fools and sinners, they are everlastingly on the search for that which is good (Fox, 1997). Advertising is the guide that leads them to the path of bliss and truth yet, there is one more weakness of the male psyche that is being exploited here, but it must first be understood that this commercial was not created with the general public in mind. It is quite probable that the target-segment are young men between puberty and their twenties.It is possible that the target-market are adolescent males who lack the confidence to take their place in the world and establish relationships with the opposite sex and therefore need a touch of courage, in this case in the form of AXE cologne. There is evidence pointing to the fact that the target market is indeed the teenager segment of the population. Buddenberg pointed out that, despite being more knowledgeable about advertising, teens a re still very susceptible to it (Buddenberg, 2004).Fox enumerated the common behaviors considered normal for teens a) struggle with sense of identity b) feeling awkward or strange about ones self and ones body c) concerns regarding physical and sexual attractiveness to others and, d) worries about being normal (Fox, 1997). If Foxs theory proves right then what a powerful effect the AXE commercial must be having on the minds of the teenage males that watch it. The video suggests achieving power and control where there is none by simply spraying more AXE.To be fair, however, I must say that the humorous nature of the commercial was, even to me, funny at the beginning and I did not take it serious on first glance. The women, making funny faces and rushing this geeky-looking young man whose eyes are vast as he watches the scene unfold before him was more of a comedic event than anything. In this way, the producer of this commercial was not, perhaps, trying to use stereotypes about men and women to influence our culture, but perhaps just trying to make an impression, something that is hard to do in a society filled with a flood of advertisements at every turn.Despite my misgivings about the commercial, I do not remember any other cologne commercials vividly, only AXE, and perhaps that was the point all along. The advertisement used in this study can make people react in many different ways. The more important issue to address is the effectiveness offensive effect of the commercial to both men and women, at least to those who are sensitive enough to really analyze the content of the video. The problem with the video is that it depicts women as stupid and at the same time assumes that young men are stupid enough to believe what they are seeing and will not take the time to verify it.Moreover, the commercial is trying to hide its sexual content and that is not acceptable for those who are shielding children and the rest of the public from too much exposure to indece ncy. Still, at the core of the problem is the unceasing evolution of advertising. This time what is perceived to be improper will soon change in a few years time. This will continue until one day, parents and concerned citizens will one day wake up to see sex in advertising being shown explicitly without shame.At some point, American advertising will turn the corner and, just as now, we will simply sit back, watch, hence evolving as viewers too, and let the images convince us of something just as ridiculous as the assumptions made in the AXE cologne commercial. Having said that, however, the public is not as taken in by adverts as we once were and so advertisers may be responding accordingly by making adverts more humorous, shocking and ridiculous in order to capture our attention and remember the product in question which is being advertised.Then just as the advert may be mocking women and/or men it may just as easily be merely tongue in cheek and using the satirical content to try and get the consumer to simply buy a product which makes you smell nice So, whether it be gender stereotyped, intellectually backward or in direct contrast, intellectually superior in order to be able to appreciate the humor in the AXE advert and not take it too seriously, the artifacts our commercial culture is leaving behind are, sadly, not a representation of who we really are, but who were are told to be.

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay

To investigate the consequence of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the pose of reception of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcoholDone by Habib Is locoweeddar HinnFriends Boys SchoolJune 22, 2007To investigate the pitch of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of chemical chemical reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcoholIntroductionThe major intersection of the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70 % wet 30 % acetone is t-butyl alcohol, with a subtle amount of isobutylene being formed as a by productAnd this is with accordance of first order kinetic and suggests a two step weapon in which the rate ascertain step consists of the ionization of t-butyl chloride, and in this mechanism a carbonium ion is formed as inter- mediate and this link ups immediately to near by nucleophile (in this cuticle nucleophile is a neutral molecule) the initial p roduct is t-butyl carbonium ion.Note1 if the nucleophile is neutral the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with itSo chemists have proposed to general types of mechanism1- Nucleophilic electric switch Sn1The ionization step in a Sn1 reaction is endothermic and much slower than the exothermic neutralization of carbonium ion by a nucleophile. And so the rate determining step being the unimolecular ionization of the t-butyl chloride equation 4, and as a result, the overall rate of reaction is not abnormal by smorgasbords in the concentration or kinds of nucleophilic reagents present.Note2 the factor which determines the mechanisms employed is typically the nature of the substrate it self and not the particular nucleophileNote3 if the sum of the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactant the reaction is exothermic, and if the product have mettlesomeer energy than the reactant the reaction is endothermic.2- Eliminatio n E1 (elimination unimolecular)And because t-butyl chloride acts as a Lewis acid (an electrophile) and combines with a nucleophile to give a substitution product, so the major product of the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water-acetone solvent is t-butyl alcohol.(Note4 electrophile an electron deficient atom, ion or molecule that as affinity for an electron pair, and will bond to a base or nucleophile.)(Note5 nucleophile and atom, ion , or molecule that has an electron pair that may be donated in forming covalent bond to an electerophile.)Evaluating the mechanismThe only reactant that is undergoing change in the rate determining step is t-butyl chloride and so such reactions is a unimolecular and follow a first order equation (Sn1, E1). This means that the rate of the reaction varies directly with the concentration of t- butyl chloride. And since nucleophilic only participate in the fast second step, so their relative molar concentrations rather than their nucleiophilities are t he primary product determining factor, and by using nucleophilic solvent like water, so its high concentration will assure that alcohols are the major product, and because water have a high dielectric constant (e=81) so water molecule tend to orient them-selves in such a way as to decrease the electrostatic forces surrounded by ions. And an important factor is the salvations which refer to water molecules ability stabilize ions by encasing them in a sheath of weakly bonded solvent molecules1- Anions are solvated by atomic derive 1 bonding,2- Cations are solvated by nucleophilic sites on water molecule (oxygen). And in this case of t-butyl carbonium ion the nucleophiles form strong covalent bond to carbon and converting the intermediate to a substitution product.The reaction mechanism is a sequential account of each transition state and intermediate in a total reaction, the over all rate of reaction is determined by the transition state of highest energy in the sequence, so the rate determining step is the rate determining step for both the Sn1 and E1 for t butyl chloride.(Note 6 the water soluble organic solvent acetone is used to keep a reasonable concentration of t-butyl chloride in dissolving agent)The relaxation equation for t-butyl chloride solvolysis in water-acetone solvent isThe effect of concentration on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in 70 %water 30 %acetone solvent.As the reaction proceeds the issue becomes increasingly acidic until all of the t -butyl chloride has reacted and all HCl that can form has formed. So we will monitor the reaction by allowing HCl formed to neutralize a predetermined amount of NaOH. An indicator dye (bromo-phenol blue) will change food colour when the NaOH has been neutralized, and clocking of the reaction should begin at the instant.So according to kinetic stridements footstep of reaction = K t butyl chlorideWhere K is the particular proposition rate constant in S -1 and t butyl chloride is the concentra tion of t-butyl chloride in M.Our kinetic measurement will depend on the determination of the amount of HCl produced by the reaction, so by monitoring the color change of the acid base indicator, we will determine the condemnation required for 10% of t-butyl chloride to hydrolyze by having 10 % as much NaOH present as T-butyl chloride.Rate = d Rcldt Where Rcl =-dt Rcl = K RcldtRearranging,d Rcl = -K dtRclAnd integrating for t=0 to t=t will give=Ln Rcl t Ln Rcl 0 = Kt 2.303 logarithm Rcl 0 = KtRcl t2.303 enter Rcl 0 = KtRcl tWhere Rcl 0 is the molar concentration at time t = 0Rcl t is the molar concentration at time t = tTwo methods to calculate K1- since the equationKt = 2.303 Log Rcl 0Rcl tIs an equation of a straight line (y=mx+b) with slope k. and intercept =0, a plot of 2.303 log Rcl 0 / Rcl t versus t should yield a straight line with slope k.2- if the solvolysis reaction run to 10% completionThen,Rcl = 0.90 Rcl 0Kt = 2.303 Log Rcl 0 = 2.303 log (1.11)0.90 Rcl 0And there fore,K = 0.104TSo by determination the value of K and compensate it in the rate of reaction equation Rate = KRcl where the concentration of Rcl is known we can calculate the value of the rate of reaction and we will see its effect on the solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70% water 30 % acetone resolving.The effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent.In nearly every instance an annex in temperature causes an increase in the rate of reaction, because the total fraction of all of the t butyl chloride 1molecules having energies equal to or greater than activation energy (Ea)Corresponds to the shaded portion of the area under the draw in increases by increasing the temperature and by comparing the area for two different temperature, we see that the total fraction of t- butyl chloride molecules with sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction increases with increasing temperature and consequently, so does the reaction rate.Note7 c hanging the concentration affects the rate of reaction changing the temperature affects the rate constant as well as the rate.By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent.Quantitatively, K (s-1) is related to Ea and T by the equationK1 = Ae-Ea/RT1 1Ea is the activation energy, in joule / mole. (Jmol-1)A is a proportionality constant, in s-1R is the gas constant = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1e is the base of the natural logarithms.T is temperature in Kelvin.This relation ship is known as Arrhenius equationWe measure Ea by victorious the natural logarithm of eq.1Ln K = ln A EaRTThus, a plot of ln k versus 1/T gives a straight line whose slope is equal to -Ea/R and whose intercept with coordinate is ln ANote8 Ea is the activation energy, a constant characteristic of the reactionWe can calculate the rate const ant at some specific temperature if Ea and K at some other temperature are known.For any temp. T1 (known), Ea (known), K1 (known)K1 = A e -Ea/RT1For any other T2 (known) (K2 unknown)K2 = A e -Ea/RT2By dividing K1 over K2K1 = A e -Ea/RT1K2 A e -Ea/RT2Taking natural logarithm of both sides, we getLn K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1).K2 ROr in common logarithms (base 10 logarithms) givesLog K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1)K2 2.303 RAnd by finding the value of K2 we will be able to find the rate of reaction at T2 and we will find the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone solution.By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of concentration and temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent.ProcedurePart A the effect of concentration on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent.a-E xperimental procedure to measure the time incumbent for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature.A, a, I-1- Prepare viosterol ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flaskful and chase it 1.2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer and label it 2.3- apply a burette take 30 ml of the solution in flask 1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer and label it 3.4- By a receive pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 4.5- development a calibrated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask 4.6- chip in two drops of Bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask 4.A, a, II-1- Add quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 to solution in flask 3 and bestir oneself the develop watch to count for time in seconds.2- Swirl the assortment and after one or two seconds immediately pour the co mbined solutions adventure into Erlenmeyer flask 4 to minimize the errors in the results.3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and interpret the time.4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average.5- Tabulate the results in record A.b-Experimental procedure to measure the time unavoidable for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.2 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature.A, b, I-1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.2 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 1.2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 2.3- utilise a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer flask and label it 3.4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 4.5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask 4.6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask 4.A, b, II-1- Add quickly the solution in an Erlenmeyer flask 4 to solution in flask 3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds.2- Swirl the potpourri and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into an Erlenmeyer flask 4 to minimize the errors in the results.3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time.4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average.5- Tabulate the results in record A.Part B the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent.a-Experimental procedure to measure the time necessary for 1 0 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at zero Celsius degree.B, a, I-1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 1.2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 2.3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 1and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 3.4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 4.5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask 4.6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask 4.B, a, II-1- set aside the Erlenmeyer flasks in a water bathroom full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the Erlenmeyer flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes.2- Adding quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 to solution in Erlenmeyer flask 3 and sta rt the stop watch to count for time in seconds.3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask 4 to minimize the errors in the results.4- The color of the solution after that will become blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stop watch and record the time5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average.6- Tabulate the results in record B.b-Experimental procedure to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at a temperature greater than room temperature by ten degrees.B, b, I-1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 1.2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 2.3- Using a burette take 30 ml o f the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 1 and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 3.4- By a graduated pipette put 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 4.5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask 4.7- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask 4.B, b, II-1- Suspend the flasks 3 and 4 in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes.(to reach the temperature of the water bath)2- Adding quickly the solution in flask 4 to solution in flask 3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds.3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into flask 4 to minimize the errors in the results.4- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in flask 4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stopwatch and reco rd the time5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average.6- Tabulate the results in record B.Record ARun numberTemperatureTime of 10 % reactionAverage time / secondsRecord BRun numberTemperatureTime required for 10% reactionAverage time/secondsAverage time/ secondsReferences* E. Brady, James. E. Humiston, Gerard., General Chemistry Principles and Structure, second edition, SI version, john Willy and sons, Inc.* Brewester, Vaderwerf and McEwen. Unitized Experiments in thorough Chemistry, 3rd Ed.* Streitwieser, Andrew. H. Heathcock, Clayton. Introduction to Organic Chemistry.* H. Reusch, William. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry.* J. Laidler, Keith. Chemical kinetics. 2nd ed.* Search engines that where usedo www.google.como www.yahoo.com* Goldwhite, Harold. R. Spielman, John. College Chemistry, 1984

Life of Pi Essay

Here in Life of Pi the protagonists struggle for excerption in the middle of an unheedful ocean is done in a tone that echoes the sound of a well-written work of fiction being read out aloud. Life of Pi is a story about struggling to stand firm through seemingly insurmountable odds. The shipwrecked inhabitants of the little lifeboat dont simply concede to their fate they actively fight against it. The human mind is an amazing instrument. In the face of the horrors of life, it creates a magical story that allows it to continue living with truths otherwise might not be able to accept.The struggle for existence, the struggle for survival, and the inner peculiarity we have to find and tame before we can become master of our existence, are all realities which we have difficulty admitting. The struggle is with a young potent that is vegetarian and Richard Parker is the capitalist within himself that he must struggle to overcome so he can be free to live the way he wants to, as a totall y tolerant of all things vegetarian in Canada.While Pi has been starving, and the fish offer a sudden abundance of food, Pibeing a vegetarianwont eat the fish because it violates his beliefs, only his struggle to dominate Richard Parker is the dominating of his appetites. The food Pi has been eating from the lifeboat supply is destroyed by the hang back of the whale, demonstrating the importance of food in the film, and how Pi learns he cant survive on just earthly food, or just heavenly food, nevertheless that he needs both, Pi abandons his lifelong vegetarianism and eats the fish to sustain himself.Summing up the emotion behind the struggle Pi encountered, while he was on the boat, Pi states, My face set to a grim and determined expression. I speak in all modesty as I say this, but I discovered at that moment that I have a fierce will to live. Its not something evident, in my experience. Some of us shit up on life with only a resigned sigh. Others fight a little, then lose hop e. Still othersand I am one of thosenever kick in up. We fight and fight and fight. We fight no matter the cost of battle, the losses we take the improbability of success. We fight to the very end. Its not a school principal of courage.Its something constitutional, an inability to let go. (Martel 164) This quote is inspirational and relates to Pis personality. Despite the fact that he faced many struggles throughout the novel (majorly resolve 2), he managed to remain optimistic and determined to find a way to escape. In most cases, a person would have just given up under the circumstances he fell under, but Pi had faith in getting off the ship and finding land. He never gave up despite the fact that he knew that hed never see his family again, and he had to survive for 227 days with a ferocious tiger, and little food.The odds against his survival were prominently against his favor, but that didnt stop him. He had to overcome his fear of killing animals in his struggle for surviv al. Pi went from hesitating to kill a fish, to fitting comparable to a professional fisherman. Although there were many thoughts going through his head to just jump off the boat and put an end to everything, his persistency overcame his doubt and he did anything possible to survive. Personally I can see myself saying what Pi stated. Im a determined individual, and if I rattling want something, I will go to great lengths to get what I want.

Test Bank Ch1

Test BankChapter One (Data Representation) Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the pursuance Boolean operations drives the output 1 for the fewest number of commentary recipes? A. ANDB. ORC. XOR resolving power A 2. Which of the following best describes the NOR operation? A. An XOR followed by a notB. An OR followed by a NOT C. A NOT followed by a NOTC. An AND followed by a NOT repartee B 3. Which of the following point blueprints cannot be show in hexadecimal notation? A. 11111111B. degree centigrade1C. 1 ascorbic acid11D. 100000000001 dissolve C 4. Which of the following is the binary representation of 4 5/8? A. 100. 11B. 10. 11C. 110. 101D. 100. 101 react D 5. Which of the following bit patterns represents the survey 5 in iis complement notation? A. 00011010B. 11111011C. 00000101D. 11111011 ANSWER C 6. Which of the following bit patterns represents the assess -5 in twos complement notation? A. 00011010 B. 11111011C. 00000101 D. 11111011 ANSWER D 7. In which of th e following sum total problems (victimization twos complement notation) does an overflow error occur? A. 0011 B. 0100 C. 1100 + 1010 + 0100 + 1100 ANSWER B 8. Which of the following representations in twos complement notation represents the largest value?A. 00000010B. 11111111C. 00000001D. 11111110 ANSWER A 9. Which of the following bit patterns ( represent in hexadecimal notation) represents a negative number in twos complement notation? A. 7FB. 55C. A6D. 08 ANSWER C 10. What value is stand for by the bit pattern 01011100 when understand using floating-point bringat in which the just about undertakeificant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the death quadruplet bits represent the fixed-point part? A. -1 1/2 B. 1 1/2C. -3/8 D. 3/8 ANSWER B 11.Which of the following determine cannot be stored accurately using a floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the pull round four bits represent the mantissa? A. 2 1/2B. 3/16C. 7D. 6 1/4 ANSWER D 121. Which of the following bit-patterns represents the smallest value using the floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. 01001000B. 1011000C. 00101000D. 01111000 ANSWER C 13. Which of the following data storage systems provides the most efficient random access to individual data items? A. principal(prenominal) memory boardB. magnetic diskC. Optical CDs and DVDs ANSWER A 14. Which of the following storage systems is best suited for storing and retrieving long strings of data that are processed in their straight order? A. Main memoryB. Magnetic diskC. Optical CDs and DVDs ANSWER C 15. Which of the following mass storage system does not require physical motion? A. Magnetic tapeB. Magnetic diskC. DVDsD. Flas h drives ANSWER D 16.As fondnessing that all(prenominal) of the following bit patterns originally had stock-still parity, which one contains an error? A. 10110100B. 11000011C. 00011000 D. 10001001 ANSWER D 17. How many errors per pattern could be corrected when using an error-correcting code in which any two code patterns differ by a Hamming maintain of 8? A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6 ANSWER A 18. Which of the following is a possible LZW compression of the message xyz xyz xyz? A. 1234B. 1234545C. 232D. 12 ANSWER B 19. How many different symbols can be encoded using Unicode? A. 256B. 4,096C. 65,536D. 1,046,476 ANSWER C 20.Which of the following systems is least efficient when encoding numeric values? A. Twos complement notationB. Excess notation C. ASCIID. Floating-point notation ANSWER C 21. Which of the following is a means of encoding music? A. ASCIIB. MIDIC. JPEGD. GIF ANSWER B Fill-in-the-blank/Short-answer Questions 1. A computers main memory consists of numerous memory cells, each of w hich contains ________ bits. Each memory cell is identified by a numeric value called the cells _________. ANSWER eight, address 2. Represent the bit pattern 1011010010011111 in hexadecimal notation. ________ ANSWER B49F 3. A7DF is the hexadecimal representation for what bit pattern? ____________ ANSWER 1010 0111 1101 1111 4. How many different bit patterns can be create if each must consist of exactly 6 bits? ____________ ANSWER 64 5. Translate each of the following binary representations into its equivalent base ten representation. A. 1100__________ B. 10. 011__________ C. 0. 01 __________ D. 10001__________ ANSWER A. 12 B. 2 3/8 C. 1/4 D. 17 6. Rewrite each of the following values (represented in base ten notation) in binary notation. A. 7__________B. 23__________ C. 2 1/4 __________ D. 5/8__________ ANSWER A. 111 B. 10111 C. 10. 01 D. 0. 101 7. If the patterns 101. 11 and 1. 011 represent values in binary notation, what is the binary representation of their sum? ____________ AN SWER 111. 001 8. Using a twos complement notation system in which each value is represented by a pattern of six bits, represent the value 3. ____________ ANSWER 000011 9. Using a twos complement notation system in which each value is represented by a pattern of six bits, represent the value -3. ____________ ANSWER 111101 10.What is the largest positive integer that can be represented in a twos complement system in which each value is represented by eight bits? ____________ ANSWER 127 (represented by 01111111) 11. In a twos complement system, what value is represented by the pattern 11111111111111001? ____________ ANSWER -7 12. When using twos complement notation, what bit pattern represents the negation of 01101010? ____________ ANSWER 10010110 13. What value is represented by each of the following patterns in excess notation? A. 10000 ____ B. 0110 ____ C. 1011 ____ ANSWER A. 0, B. -2, C. 14. Using an 8-bit floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa, write the bit pattern that represents the value 1 3/4. (Use normalized form. ) ____________ ANSWER 01011110 15. What is the largest value that can be represented in a floating-point system in which each value is encoded by a byte whose most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? ___________ ANSWER 7 1/2 (represented as 01111111) 16. Which of the following addition problems cannot be solved accurately when using a floating-point system in which each value is encoded by a byte whose most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa? A. 2 1/2 + 1 3/8B. 3 1/2 + 4 1/2C. 7 + 3/4 ____________ ANSWER A, B, and C 17. The following is an error-correcting code in which any two patterns differ by a Hamming distance of at least three. image Representation A 000000B 001111 C 010011 D 011100 E 100110 F 101001 G 110101 H 111010 Decode each of the following patterns 010011 ________101010 ________011000 ________101101 _______ ANSWER C, H, D, F 18. How many errors in a single code pattern could be corrected when using an error-correcting code in which each code pattern is a Hamming distance of at least seven from any former(a) code pattern? ____________ ANSWER 3 19. The following is a message that was originally encoded so that each pattern had crotchety parity. Circle the patterns in which an error has definitely occurred. 0110101 11110000 10010010 00000000 11111111 00001000 00111101 ______________________________________ ANSWER Second, fourth, fifth, and sixth 20. Data compression techniques apply various principles to reduce the surface of data. One, called _______________________, avoids reiterate long strings of the resembling data item. Another, ca lled _______________________, encodes the difference between consecutive blocks of data rather than encoding each block in its entirety. Still another, called _________________________, uses shortstop bit patterns to encode frequently occurring items and longer patterns to encode less(prenominal) frequent items.ANSWER Run-length encoding, relative encoding, and frequency-dependent encoding. Vocabulary (Matching) Questions The following is a list of hurt from the chapter along with descriptive phrases that can be utilize to produce nouss (depending on the topics covered in your course) in which the students are ask to match phrases and terms. An example would be a question of the form, In the blank next to each phrase, write the term from the following list that is best described by the phrase. TermDescriptive Phrase bitBinary digit Boolean operationAND, OR, XOR, NOT addressA numeric value used to identify a memory cell exadecimal notationAn efficient way of representing bit pat terns sectorA segment of a track in a mass storage system zoned-bit recordingA means of increasing the storage capacity of a magnetic disk system bufferA storage area used to cave in data on a temporary basis, often as a step in transferring the data from one device to another ISOAn international plaque for establishing standards ANSIA major standardization organization within the United States ASCIIA system developed by the American Standards Institute for encoding school text. lip-flopA digital circuit capable of retention a single digit twos complement notationA means of encoding whole numbers floating-point notationA means of encoding numeric values that whitethorn involve fractions truncationAn error that may occur when using floating-point notation pixelA small part of an image GIFA means of compressing an image file by constrictive the number of colors availableJPEGA means of compressing images by blurring the boundaries between different colors while maintaining all bri ghtness information UnicodeA means of encoding text in which each symbol is represented by 16 bits LZWAn example of adaptive dictionary encoding MIDIA means of encoding music in terms of notes and instruments rather than actual audio Key fieldA part of a logical record in a file used to identify the record. VLSIA means of constructing mixed circuitry in a very small space.General Format Questions 1. Describe how a computer can produce an incorrect answer when performing numerical computations even though it has not malfunctioned. ANSWER nearly students will probably refer to overflow and truncation errors. 2. Describe ho the concept of Hamming distance is used to produce an error-correcting code. ANSWER By designing a code in which each pattern has a Hamming distance of n from any other pattern, patterns with fewer than n/2 errors can be corrected by replacing them with the code pattern that is closest. . a. What is the output of the circuit below? pic b. In general, how does the three-bit input pattern across the top of the diagram relate to the circuits output? ANSWER a. 0 b. The output is 0 if the input parity is odd the output is 1 if the input parity is even. 4. If the input and output bit patterns in the circuit below are interpreted as binary representations of numeric values, what operation does the circuit perform? pic ANSWER The circuit subtracts one (except for the case of the input being 000). . Explain why such terms as kilobyte, megabyte, and universal gravitational constant have acquired double meanings. ANSWER The prefixes kilo, mega, and giga are used traditionally to refer to units measured in powers of ten. However, due to the early misuse of the prefix kilo in reference to units of the size 1024, these prefixes are now often used to refer to units that are powers of twoespecially when referring to the capacity of main memories. 6. Convert the following addition problem into twos complement notation using four bits per value), perform the addition, convert the answer back into base ten notation, and explain the results. 6 + 3 ANSWER In twos complement notation the problem is to add 0110 and 0011. The sum is 1001 which translates to -7. This answer is incorrect due to overflow. 7. Under what ascertain is each of the following data compression techniques most effective? a. Run-length encoding b. Relative encoding ANSWER a. Compresses most when data consists of long strings of the same entry. b.Compresses most when each block of data differs little from the previous block. 8. What is frequency-dependent encoding? ANSWER Frequency-dependent encoding is an encoding system that uses short bit patterns to represent data items that occur most often and longer patterns to represent less frequently occurring items. The result is that entire blocks of data can be represented in less space than would be required if each data item were represented by the same size bit pattern. 9. Construct the entire twos complement scale in wh ich each value is represented by three bits.ANSWER 3 011 2 010 1 001 0 000 -1 111 -2 110 -3 101 -4 100 10. To what does the term normalized form refer in the context of floating-point notation? ANSWER Normalized form refers to a standard for positioning the bit pattern within the mantissa field. Many values can be represented in floating-point notation by different bit patterns, only one of which is in normalized form. Hence, restricting representations to normalized form assures that each value is represented by a unique pattern. 11.Explain why the final version of the dictionary need not be transmitted with a message encoded using LZW compression. ANSWER The dictionary can be constructed during decompression in the same way it was constructed during compression. 12. Among the Boolean operations AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR, and NOT, which is least equivalent the others? Explain your answer. ANSWER There is not really a right or wrong answer. The students explanation is the most importan t part. Most students will probably answer NOT because it has only one input whereas the others have two. 3. If a term paper consisted 42 pages, each containing 40 lines of 100 symbols each (counting each space as a symbol), was to be encoded using Unicode, how many bytes of storage space would be required? ANSWER 336,000 bytes (168,000 symbols times 2 bytes per symbol) 14. Explain why adding only a few characters to a text file may increase the files size by some(prenominal) hundred bytes and at other times may not increase the files size at all. ANSWER File space is allocated in terms of physical records, each of which is several hundred bytes in size.Thus, the size of a file grows by physical record units rather than by byte size units. 15. In a twos complement system, what value can be added to any other value without causing an overflow? How many values in the system have this property? Explain your answer. ANSWER Adding the value 0 to any other value will not produce an overf low. However, if m is the largest positive integer that can be represented in the system, then any value in the range 1 to m will produce an overflow when added to m, and any value in the range -1 to -( m + 1) will produce an overflow when added to -( m + 1).

Nature VS nurture †Issues, perspectives and debates in psychology Essay

NATURE refers to our innate potential that is influenced entirely by physiological and catching factors. NURTURE refers to the influence of the environment into & all the learning experiences we have after we are born. The nature- advance debate has been heatedly debated in psychology. At the fall outset of psychological search the nature-nurture debate was a point of argument between lookers from the behaviourist tradition and other processiones. More recently it has divided researches with regard to social and racial differences in intelligence.Nowadays its hard to believe that something as complex as human behaviour crumb be completely explained by either side of the argument, its more likely to be a convergence of both, as suggested by the Psychologist Robert Plomin. He would like to see the nature-nurture debate end as he severalises most human behaviours are not influenced by nature or nurture but by nature and nurture. He makes the point that twin and adoption studi es have provided evidence for the fact that there is a hereditary component to personality, intelligence and general behavioural disorders such as Schizophrenia and Autism.However the genetic influence on these traits and behaviour is only partial, genetic science account for on average half of the variation of most traits therefore the environment must account for the rest according to Plomin. This means that they are interdependent. An approach that belongs on the interdependent side of the argument is the cognitive-develop psychical approach. A key speculation of this approach is that development occurs done the twin processes of nature and nurture.Piaget believed that electric razorren were innately curious and programmed to learn (nature) but they needed the right sort of stimulation and environment to be able to do this adequately (nurture). However a condemnation to this approach is that Piaget underestimated childrens abilities, this produces a difficulty in his theor ies and suggests that children are not the way he envisioned them. This could indicate that they are not innately curious and even if provided with the right environment, dont learn.This can be compared to the careen Approach a criticism with this approach is that it doesnt consider the effect of nature, similar to a criticism of the physiological approach, which doesnt consider the effect of nurture. If the theories are proved false its tempting to say that that indicates nature and nurture have no effect individually, but must work together. An approach that believes that nurture is entirely amenable for our behaviour is the learning approach. The learning approach presents the assumption that all behaviour is learnt, by dint of interactions with the environment, and at birth we are a blank slate ready to develop.Evidence for this comes from Watsons bailiwick of little Albert. Albert was an 11-month-old baby when the study began Albert was presented with a dust coat rat, to w hich he responded with curiosity. After several sessions the presentation of the livid rat was accompanied with a loud noise to which Albert responded with fear. After several sessions Albert displayed fear as curtly as the rat was presented even without hearing the loud noise. This showed Albert had learnt to associate the rat with a loud noise, which he was frightened of. Albert generalised this fear with other things similar to the rat such as a white rabbit and a white beard.Albert had learnt this behaviour. So according to the learning approach it therefore follows that nurture is solo responsible for human development. Watsons study was On the other hand is the physiological approach. This approach presents the assumption that genetics are responsible for human behaviour. For spokesperson research into genetics has shown there to be genes responsible for certain type of behaviour and characteristics for example tongue rolling and eye colour, and more controversially resear ch has been carried out to find a gene responsible for homosexuality and criminality.Evidence to support this theory comes from research into Schizophrenia. This research has shown there to be an excess of dopamine in the brains of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia has been shown to run in families, 10 out of every 100 children who have one biological parent with dementia praecox go on to develop schizophrenia whereas only 1 or 2 in every 100 in the general population develop schizophrenia. Twin studies on monozygotic (identical twins) have also indicated that genetics are responsible for schizophrenia, as if one twin is schizophrenic there is between a 35 and 58% chance of the other twin also developing schizophrenia.Of course this is only a correlation and this affinity could be caused by another variable. Twin studies are hard to conduct because the necessary situation doesnt occur particularly a great deal in the population, therefore the archetype is limited and difficult to ge neralise. This affects the reliability and rigourousness of the results. The idea of the causes of schizophrenia is explored further in clinical psychology. Schizophrenia is the most commonly diagnosed form of mental illness 1% of the whole population volition be diagnosed at some point in their lives has having schizophrenia.Schizophrenia doesnt seem to have one single cause but is rather the product of a relationship between biology, psychology and culture. Which suggests both nature and nurture play a quality in the development of schizophrenia. As I said earlier twin, adoption and family studies give the clearest indication that genetics play a role in the development of schizophrenia. 10% of children with a schizophrenia parent will go on to develop the disease. This however, because its only a correlation, could be caused by another factor, for example the environment.Studies have been carried out using twins to find out the concordance rate of schizophrenia in twins. The i ncreased risk of developing schizophrenia could be the result of difficulties that have arisen during the rearing of a child by a parent with such a disorganised personality. However adoption studies have been carried out which also suggest that genetics are responsible for schizophrenia. Heston (1966) compared the adopted children of 77 schizophrenic mothers with the adopted children of 50 normal mothers and found the former to be 5 times more likely to be admitted to hospital with schizophrenia.This study also shows that those children of schizophrenic parents were more likely to go on and be diagnosed as psychopaths, behaviourally garbled or neurotic. The study by Heston rules out the possibility that the experience of being adopted leads to the development of schizophrenia as the control group didnt go on to develop higher levels of schizophrenia. However the sample isnt large so is difficult to generalise and this type of situation doesnt occur frequently so it is hard to do this type of investigation.